Philippians 2 – The Characteristics of a Servant of Christ

Philippians 2:1-30 – An Outline and Brief Commentary

How do recognize genuine Christianity? What sort of things do you look for in a minister? The Philippians have opponents who are preaching Christ, but instead of being characterized by prison and suffering, they are characterized by glory, satisfaction, and certainly no suffering. These opponents seem to have the same ministry, but they don’t suffer for it. In fact, their fame gets bigger and bigger; they career and ambition just grows.

The Philippians have been the subject of persecution, hardship and affliction. They see Paul their founding apostle now imprisoned and suffering. Paul’s ministry even seems to be characterized by a constant mode of self-sacrifice, one of self-abasement instead of self-exaltation. Epaphroditus, being sent by the Philippians, fell sick and almost died. It might seem that Christianity was a religion of failure and suffering only. The opponents in Philippi apparently have no place for the cross, suffering, or lacking anything (even food) since they “Live as enemies of the cross of Christ, whose end is destruction, whose god is their belly, whose glory is in their shame, and whose minds are set on earthly things.” (3:18-19) Where is the glory for Christians? Where is the joy and life? Phil 1:27-2:30 are Paul’s answer to the Philippians: a true Christian is one who follows Christ to the cross. This is Paul’s theologia crucis.

Outline:

1:27-2:30 – Having the Mindset and Interests of Christ Results in A Ministry of the Cross

• 1:27-30 – Conduct Yourselves As Good Citizens
  • v.27-28 – Standing firm in one spirit
    • v.27 – striving side by side for the faith of the gospel
    • v.28 – not frightened by opponents (a sign: their destruction, your salvation)
  • v.29-30 – Graced to Suffer
    • v.29 – for the sake of Christ; part and parcel of Christianity
    • v.30 – same agony/conflict (ἀγῶνα) as Paul (which they see and hear about)

• 2:1-18 – Christ’s Humility as the Foundation for the Church’s Unity and Godliness
  • vv.1-5 – Have the Mindset of Christ
    • v.1 – the benefits of Christ
      • παρακλησις ἐν χριστῳ – encouragement/comfort in Christ
      • παραμυθιαν ἀγαπης – comfort/consolation of/from love
      • κοινωνια πνευματος – fellowship of the Spirit
      • σπλανγχα – affection (lit: bowels, guts)
      • οἰκιτιρμοι – mercies (also used Rom 12:1 and 2 Cor 1:3)
    • vv.2-4 – the mindset of Christ complete Paul’s joy (cf. 2:16, laboring in vain)
      • Do:
        • το αὐτο φρονῆτε –the same mind/posture
        • την αὐτην αγαπην ἐχοντες – the same love
        • συμψυχοι – sharing a soul, heart
        • το ἑν φροθνοῦντες – thinking in one, having one posture
        • τῃ ταπαεινοφροσυνῃ ἁλληλους ἡγουμενοι ὑπερεχοντας ἑαυτῶν – by humility counting each other as superior
        • [σκοποῦντες] τα ἑτερων ἑκαστοι – look towards others’ interests/things
      • Don’t:
        • κατ’ ἐριθειαν – rivalry, selfish ambition; cf. 1:17
        • κατα κενοδοξιαν – “A person, then, who is motivated by κενοδοξια is a person who assertively, even arrogantly, claims to have the right opinion (δοξα), but who is in fact in error (κενος).” (Hawthorne, p.69)
        • τα ἑαυτῶν ἑκαστος σκοποῦντες
  • vv.5-11 – Humble Obedience characterized Christ’s life
    • v.5 – This (φρονεῖτε)mindset should be among you as was in Christ
      • [Paul seems to
        always be subtly asking “Are we better than him? Does the
        servant not need to follow the master?” The Philippians are to
        see in Christ as their Savior the very same pattern of
        self-abasement and God exalting him.]
      • [“The
        Christ-hymn (vv 6-11) present Jesus as the supreme example of the
        humble, self-sacrificing, self-denying, self-giving service that
        Paul has just been urging the Philippians to practice in their
        relations one toward another (vv 1-4). … Paul’s motive in using
        it here is not theological but ethical. … it is quite in
        keeping with Paul’s practice elsewhere of using life/death of
        Christa as a pattern for Christians to follow” (Ibid, pp. 79-80)]
      • [“This verse
        means that the hoped-for attitude outlined by Paul in vv2-4
        corresponds with that exhibited by Christ Jesus, especially in vv
        6-9, and that the Philippians are bound to act in accordance with
        this attitude toward one another if they wish to imitate their
        Lord … and share with him in his exaltation and glory” (Ibid, p.
        80)]
    • vv.6-8 – Jesus’ humbled himself (Hawthorne helpfully notes the theological parallel with John 13, pp. 77-78)
      • Jesus did not:
        • count equality with God a thing to be grasped
      • Jesus was/did:
        • in the form (μορφῃ) of God
        • made himself nothing/emptied himself (ἐκενωσεν)
        • took the form (μορφῃ) of a servant
        • born in the likeness (ὁμοιοματι) of men
        • found in human appearance (σχηματι)
        • humbled himself to the point of death, even death by a cross
    • vv.9-11 – The Father has exalted him
  • vv.12-18 – Therefore Obey as Christ Obeyed
    • work out your salvation in fear and trembling
    • for it is God who works in you both to will and to energize for his good pleasure
    • lights in the midst of a crooked generation
    • looking forward to the day of Christ
    • Their obedience and humble unity
      • v.12 – Absence and presence of Paul (cf. 1:27)
      • v.16 – Ministry Not in Vain
      • v.17-18 – Even if costly, their faith as acceptable offering is worth it for the sake of rejoicing together.

2:19-30 – Timothy and Epaphroditus are humble servants and thus are to be received well vv.19-24 – Timothy as Paul’s Messenger v.19 – Timothy is sent for Paul’s joy vv.20-22 – Timothy’s humble servitude like Christ v.20 is genuinely concerned for their welfare v.21 seeks the interests of Christ v.22 is of proven worth in light of his service in the gospel as a son v.23-24 – Timothy is beloved and helpful to Paul vv.25-30 – Epaphroditus as the Philippians Messenger Epaphroditus’ humble servitude like Christ v.25 – Paul’s brother, fellow worker, fellow soldier v.25 – Their messenger and minister to Paul v.30 – Nearly died for the work of Christ Paul is eager to send Epaphroditus: v.26 – he has been longing to see them (because of their worry over his illness) v.28 – so that the Philippians might rejoice in reunion v.28 – so that Paul may be less anxious v.29 – Receive in the Lord and Honor such men

Paul then moves on to show that his own ministry is characterized by the cross of Christ. In fact, his warning against the false teachers, the dogs, is largely based on the fact that their ministry is not characterized by the cross but by boasting. Whatever it is they are boasting in is of little significance, since the cross renders all human contribution as dung (σκύβαλα). Paul’s boast and earnest desire is that he “might be found in him, not having his own righteousness from the law, but rather that which is through the faithfulness of Christ, the righteousness of God on the basis of faith, knowing him and the power of his resurrection and the fellowship of his suffering, being co-conformed to his death, if thereby somehow I might attain to the resurrection from the dead.” (3:9-11; my translation) Paul does not hope in glory in this life, but in resurrection glory in the next. In fact, his continuing in this life is for the sake of the church; he understands his ministry as self-sacrificial (2:17).

The following table illustrates the difference between servants of Christ, and those who serve themselves (εριθεια). It could certainly be filled in more, but as it is provides the broad outlines of what I think Paul is hoping to accomplish with his letter.

	Christ	Paul	Timothy	Epaphr.	Opponents	Philippians
φρονητε	2:7 took the form (μορφη) of a servant/slave2:8 humbled 2:6 did not count equality 2:8 obedient unto death CROSS 2:9 God highly exalted him	1:1 servant/slave3:10 being conformed (συμμορφιζωμαι) to his death 4:12 brought low 2:17 Poured out on offering of their faith 4:11 in whatever situation I am content 3:10 know the power of his resurrection	2:20 genuinely concerned for your welfare2:21 seeks Christ’s interests	2:27, 30 risked death for service to Christ2:26 longing for them	1:15,17 – strife, ambition (some from good will)3:19 glory is their shame 3:19 enemies of the CROSS 3:19 their god is their belly 3:19 end is destruction	2:3 – Not selfish ambition2:4 – by humility 1:29 graced to believe and suffer 2:12 obeying, working out salvation 2:4 looking out for each others interests, not their own 1:10 pure and blameless on the day of Christ

For Further Reading see: Gerald Hawthorne Word Biblical Commentary vol.43

Romans 12-16

Here is a sample of what I have been doing for the past few days:(And forgive me for the mess of fonts that happened when I transferred this from my word file)

Brief Commentary on Romans 12:1-2 and An Outline of Romans 12-16

Up until 12:1 Paul has been carefully working through his argumentation regarding the righteousness of God, his wrath and justice, sin, human rebellion, justification, union with Christ who died and rose, the Spirit, and the Father’s intentions toward Israel. He now moves on to the point he has been arguing towards the whole letter. For most of us, the doctrinal discussion which forms the foundation and argumentative backbone of Paul’s application is, perhaps, more experientially revolutionary. But, we must not forget that Paul wrote this letter for a reason. The reason was to address the issues in the church in Rome. It seems best to me to understand Paul to be addressing the tension between the newly authoritative and established Gentiles and the returning but foundational Jews (this is clear from his discussions in Rom 1-3, and 14-15). What is informative for us is that Paul does not simply address the issue with a terse letter saying “be nice.” Rather, he unpacks the implications of the gospel. Moreover, the first implication of the gospel he draws out is not peculiar to the Jew-Gentile relationship but to the very character of every Christian life. Having surveyed the nature of the Christian life in the body of Christ, in society, in relation to authority and in relation to righteousness and the law, he moves on to Jew-Gentile issues.

Some Comments on 12:1-2

There are three imperatives which Paul gives us:

1) Present your bodies as living sacrifices (parasthsai ta swmata uvmwn qusian zwsan)

2) Do not be conformed to this age (mh suscematizesqe tw|/ aivw/ni toutw|)

3) Be transformed (metamorfou/sqe)

Of course, Paul is no moralist but is concerned with seeing the gospel, the power of God, bear fruit. Thus he provides two1 means by which these imperatives are to be accomplished, respectively:

1) Through the mercies of God (dia tw/n oivtirmw/n tou/ qeou/),

2) By the renewal of the mind (th|/ avnakainwsei tou/ nooj).

Paul sees these not as ends in themselves. Obedience is desirable for the end of God’s glory. He wants the Romans to these things:

1) As their spiritual service (or reasonable service; th/n logikh/n latreian)

2) So that they can discern the will of God (eivj to dokimazein u`maj ti to qelhma tou/ qeou/)

There are four major theological themes at play here.

1. “Therefore, …. through the mercies of God” – In some way this has been what he has been arguing towards, and wanting to get to through the whole letter. This is the goal of his theology. All of that he has argued for in chs. 1-11 now has its pay out: a living sacrifice. If you are united to Christ through the Spirit in his death and resurrection then live your life as a living sacrifice. This is in line with the way Paul describes his own ministry in the beginning of the letter. He was called as an apostle “to bring about the obedience of faith” (1:5). What does this mean about the worth of theological education? It is useless if we are not godlier for it. If we do not love the Lord more and serve with less hesitation, and pray more fervently, then we have not properly worked out the knowledge about Christ which we are amassing.

2. “This age” – Admittedly, it may be better to translate this as the NIV does, “the pattern of this world.” But what is clearly underlying Paul’s phrase here is an “already” and “not yet” eschatology. Though especially developed in other epistles (Ephesians), nonetheless this understanding of the aeons of time and redemptive history is what Paul is referring to here. This becomes clear when we survey the other places in Romans where Paul makes claims with reference to time:

6:19 – “For just as you once presented your members as slaves to impurity and to lawlessness leading to more lawlessness, so now present your members as slaves to righteousness leading to sanctification”

8:18 – “the sufferings of the present time (nu/n kairou/) are not worth comparing with the glory that is to be (mellousan) revealed to us”

8:22 – “creation has been groaning together in the pains of childbirth until now”

11:5 – “at the present time (nu/n kairw|/) there is a remnant, chosen by grace.”

13:11 – “Besides this you know the time, that the hour has come for you to wake from sleep. For salvation is nearer to us now than when we first believed”

16:25-26 – “the revelation of the mystery that was kept secret for long ages but has now been disclosed and through the prophetic writings has been made known to all nations, according to the command of the eternal God, to bring about the obedience of faith”

(cf. 3:21, 26; 5:6; 8:1)

The Romans have received the Spirit of adoption (8:15) and yet wait eagerly for their adoption (8:23). They suffer presently and yet look forward to the glory to be revealed to them. The hope of Christians is God’s final restoration of the earth and his people and not the benefits they might receive from conforming to the worldly standards of this age. Their heavenly citizenship is the model which they are to follow; Jesus himself.

3. Bodily Obedience is Produced by Mind Renewal – Romans 12:2 needs to be read as a companion text to Romans 8:4-8 or any other discussion of Paul’s usage of the flesh. How can the body be the location of our spiritual or reasonable worship if those in the flesh cannot please God? Flesh should be read as a quick reference word to the dominion of sin over mankind, the old aeon. As well, Paul is not a gnostic. Rather, Paul understands the body to be pleasing and good as part of the creation groaning for God’s restoration. Those who would have us believe that existential, transcendent and maybe even ecstatic exhibitions of the ‘spirit’ are the main component of Christian holiness have horribly neglected Paul’s imperative here. If our bodily life is not holy and pleasing to our Holy God, then whatever ‘spiritual’ manifestations we may claim are fraudulent. The same could be said of theological knowledge; if our bodies don’t follow suit then our knowledge is just arrogance.

4. The Will of God – While we often speak of or hear of others trying to find the will of God for our lives, this is not what is meant by Paul here. Certainly, I am not denying that the Lord has a providential will for every detail of our lives, including if and who we will marry, what job we will take when, and what hardships we will face. Paul emphasizes, at length, that “all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose.” (8:28) But, just before Romans 12:2, is 11:33-35 where Paul says “How unsearchable his judgments, and how inscrutable his ways! ‘For who has known the mind of the Lord?’” The sovereign will of God exists, but it is not what Paul is focusing on here. Rather Paul is focusing on the moral will of God, that we would be “conformed to the image of his Son” (8:29). Again, “this is the will of God, your sanctification” (1 Thess 4:3). What exactly does Paul have in mind that would be the good, pleasing/acceptable and perfect/mature of God? He goes into great detail unfolding exactly this in 12:3-15:13.

An Outline of Romans 12-16

• 12:1-2 – Theological Implications of All the Preceded
  • Three Imperatives
  • Two Means
  • Two Results (see above for discussion)
• 12:3-13:14 – The Will of God for the Christian’s Life
  • 12:3-8 – Gifts for the Body of Christ
    • [This is the

      first means listed of being a living sacrifice]

    • v.3 – Gifts are a matter of sober judgment and not a means for self-exaltation
    • vv.4-5 – Gifts are a means of service for the whole body
    • v.6 “let us use them” – Using our gifts requires risk on our part and encouragement from others
    • vv.7-8 – The gift list here is not exhaustive, just as all the others in the NT. Not the absence of tongues from the list. Does this imply anything about its importance, the presence or absence of its practice in Rome or something else? Healing, miracles and administration which are found in gift lists in 1 Corinthians are also missing here.
    • [The very next

      section is on love in relationship. Just as Paul transitions from

      gifts in 1 Cor 12 to love in 1 Cor 13, so he does here.]

  • 12:9-21 – Love and Godliness in Relationship
    • vv.9-13 – Love of Good and Hate of Evil in the Body of Christ
      • v.9 could very well be used as a motto for Christian discipleship.
      • v.12 is a constant theme in Romans (5:1-5; 8:18ff).
    • vv.14-21 – Love of Enemies and Neighbors
      • v.16 “do not be haughty but associate with the lowly” – Theological students who would do well in theology and in ministry must take these words to heart. If you are to be conformed to the image of Christ, then you are to serve, not to be served. We, as ministers, must be the first to wash the feet of our people, even enemies. This may mean that we need to consider taking a second job which requires hard work as an example to our flocks. Or it may mean that we need to consider what areas are in need of ministers but have been neglected because of the lack of prestige and resources available to that post.
      • v.21 – “Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.” – Paul is not simply saying “be the change you want to see.” He is rather suggesting that through our obedience to the will of God, God himself will bring about the effects of his righteous reign. The ramifications and effects of our obedience are the undoing of evil on all levels of society.
  • 13:1-7 – Submission to Divinely Instituted Authorities
    • vv.1-4 – Why you ought to submit to “governing authorities”
      • v.2 “There is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God”
      • v.3 “Who ever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed”
      • v.4 “he [the

        authority] is God’s servant for your good”

      • v.4 “he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.”
      • v.4 “he does not bear the sword in vain” – There is a good argument to be made for capital punishment from this verse
    • vv.5-7 – What submission looks like
      • v.5 “be in subjection, not only to avoid God’s wrath, but also for the sake of conscience.” (cf. v.3)
      • v.6-7 “Pay to all what is owed to them” – This should sound just like Jesus’ saying “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s” (Mark 12:17).
      • [At issue is law

        keeping, tax paying and generally being a good citizen. This does

        not necessarily seem to prohibit civil disagreement with a

        governmental regime nor civil regime change. Submissive regime

        change does happen, and it is utterly distinct from military

        coups common in countries which have been oppressed for a long

        time. This passage assumes that Christians are not in power.]

  • 13:8-14 – People of the Day of Salvation: Two Appeals for Holy Living
    • vv.8-10 – Love fulfills the law
      • [That love

        fulfills the law flows perfectly from Paul’s theology of the law,

        righteousness and the Spirit; 8:2 “the law of the Spirit and

        life.” Paul’s understanding of the law is either dependent on

        or at least coherent with what Jesus says in Matt 22:34-40 and

        Mark 12:28-34. It is noteworthy that at the end of Mark’s account

        of Jesus summing up the law, he says that the scribe is “not

        far from the kingdom of God. Paul understands the Jew-Gentile

        relationship to be one that ought to be characterized by the

        kingdom of God. (15:17)]

    • vv.11-14 – Love puts on the armor of light
      • v.13 – Public chastity (no orgies nor drunkeness), bodily purity (no sexual immorality nor sensuality), and peaceful relationships (no quarreling nor jealousy) are to characterize the Christian’s life.
      • v.14 – Love for Jesus “makes no provision for the flesh, to gratify its desires.”
      • [The second

        appeal Paul makes for holy living is that the time calls for it.

        We are those who are awaiting the day of salvation which is

        coming nearer and nearer and so we ought to put off the “works

        of darkness and put on the armor of light.” This is an appeal

        based on the eschatological dawning of the kingdom of God in

        Christ.]

• 14:1-15:13 – The Kingdom of God is not a Matter of Eating, but of Righteousness: Jew and Gentiles in the Body of Christ
  • 14:1-15:7 – The Issue of Food, Judgment and the Weak2
    • [I understand

      this to be an issue between Jews and Gentiles because of similar

      (1 Cor 8-10) and related contexts (Acts 15:20 “abstain from

      things polluted by idols, and from sexual immorality, and from

      what has been strangled, and from blood.”)]

    • Pursue, therefore, what makes for peace because:
      • 14:3 – God has welcomed the weak
      • 14:4 – Before his own master each man is judged and will stand or fall (and the Lord will make his own stand v.10
      • 14:7 – No Christian lives or dies unto themselves, but all things are toward the Lord
      • 14:9 – Christ died for the weak brother (cf. 14:15)
      • 14:17 – The kingdom of God is not a matter of eating and drinking but of righteousness, peace and joy in his Son.
      • 14:19-20 – Division among God’s people destroys God’s work
      • 14:23 – Whatever does not proceed from faith is sin
      • 15:1 – We have strong obligation to bear with the failings of the weak
      • 15:3 – For Christ did not please himself, but took on our reproach
      • 15:7 – As Christ has welcomed you, welcome each other for God’s glory.
      • [The weak are

        not to be understood as simply people of different but equally

        valid opinion. The weak are those whose opinions are wrong or

        lacking and thus hamper and confine their consciences unduly.

        Paul says we must bear with the failings of

        the weak, not the differences of mere opinion. The Jews in this

        context should have recognized that their diet does nothing to

        gain or lose their standing with God; Christ has fully purchased

        them. This was a wrong belief (14:14). But, there is grace in the

        body of Christ for believers whose faith is immature and mixed

        with false beliefs. But this grace is there so that they may

        mature into the true faith more and more fully.]

      • [We are in need

        of encouragement if this sort of ministry and character will be

        true of us and our congregations. As well, true reconciliation

        and unity will never be accomplished unless it is done for God’s

        glory. (15:7)]

  • 15:8-13 – Christ’s Ministry to the Circumcised
    • vv.8-9a – Jesus ministered to the Jews first, for two reasons:3
      • in order that the promises to the patriarchs might be confirmed (and thus show God’s faithfulness; cf. 3:3)
      • in order that the Gentiles might praise God for his mercy
    • vv.9b-12 – Paul’s understanding of the ministry of Christ is firmly rooted in a continuance of the Old Testament offices under the covenant
    • v.13 – The power of the Holy Spirit works towards hope and unity
• 15:22-16:16 – Personal Matters
  • 15:22-33 – Paul’s Ministry Plans
    • v.22-24 – Paul’s work up to date, and future plans of going to Spain
    • v.25-27 – The Jerusalem collection is a major means of Paul uniting the Jewish and Gentile churches. The Gentiles owe this merciful service to the Jews, for:
      • “if the Gentiles have come to share in their spiritual blessing, they ought also to be of service to them in material blessings.” (15:27; cf. 11:17-22)
      • [This is a

        younger, less established church sending a gift of food and money

        to the older more mature church, to whom the younger church owes

        its existence. An analogy would be the African church sending

        material support to the American or European churches because of

        a famine ruining those lands.]

    • vv.28-33 – Paul expects to come by Rome, after Jerusalem where he expects hardship.
  • 16:1-16 – Personal Greetings to the Saints “In Christ”
    • NB: This chapter has the highest concentration of the phrase “evn cristw|/” “In Christ”
• 16:17-25 – Final Exhortation and Doxology
  • vv.17-19 – Those who cause division; these seem to be operating behind the scenes of the Jew-Gentile relationship, and its issues (14:1-15:13; cf. Phil 2:21; 3:2-3)
  • v.20 “God of peace will soon crush Satan under your feet” – This is clear reference to the first gospel promise in Genesis 3:15, where the God of peace places enmity between the seed of the serpent and the seed of the woman. Enmity and peace are major motifs in Romans and Paul’s theology in general (cf. Eph 2:14-16)
  • NB: There is an inclusio here in v.26 with 1:5 “to bring about the obedience of faith”

1In class I wrongly claimed a third means, namely “by testing.” This was based on the grammar of the ESV and not the Greek test itself. Translations seem insert “testing” as an addition to “discern” to draw out the nuance of dokimazein

2I understand this passage to be one unit because of the inclusio of God welcoming his people in 14:3 and 15:7.

3Both of the following verbs are Infinitive Aorist and so I understand them both to be subordinate to eivj to at the beginning of the clause.